一：Fundamental Knowledge of Solar Panel
(1) The Principle of Solar Cell Power Generation
Solar cells are devices that utilize the photovoltaic effect of semiconductor materials to convert solar energy into electrical energy.
- semiconductor photovoltaic effect
All matter is made up of atoms, which consist of a nucleus and electrons that orbit around this nucleus. In semiconductor materials, under normal conditions, the nucleus and electrons are tightly bound together, placing the material in a non-conductive state. However, when influenced by certain external factors such as light or heat, the binding force between the nucleus and electrons weakens. This allows electrons to escape the nucleus’s grip and become free electrons, capable of moving within the material and contributing to electrical conductivity.
- P-N junction solar cell
When the solar cell is exposed to light, photons excite electrons in the semiconductor material, creating electron-hole pairs. In the presence of the electric field at the P-N junction, the excited electrons move towards the N-type region, and the holes move towards the P-type region. When the cell is connected to an external circuit and a load, this movement of charges results in the generation of an electric current.
(2)Types of Solar Cells of Solar Panel
※In current solar cell products, silicon semiconductor materials dominate, with monocrystalline silicon and polycrystalline silicon being the most representative. Due to the wide availability of raw materials, high conversion efficiency, and reliability, these silicon-based solar cells are widely accepted in the market.
Amorphous silicon also finds extensive applications in consumer products (such as electronic watches and calculators), but its stability and conversion efficiency are inferior compared to crystalline semiconductor materials. Compound solar cells, while offering certain advantages, are not yet widely adopted in the market due to the rarity of their materials and the potential environmental hazards associated with some of these materials.
※The dominant material in today’s mainstream solar cell products is semiconductor silicon, which is crucial for the modern electronics industry. Furthermore, silicon in its oxidized form (primarily as silicon dioxide) is the second most abundant substance stored in the Earth’s crust.
※Kyocera recognized the broad prospects and promising future of polycrystalline silicon solar cells as early as the 1980s. The company was a pioneer in initiating industrial production of polycrystalline silicon solar cells. Today, Kyocera is an industry leader, and polycrystalline silicon solar cells have become the mainstream crystalline solar cell product, accounting for more than 70% of the solar cell market.
(3)Manufacturing Methods of Polycrystalline Silicon Solar Cells
二： Names and Meanings Related to Solar Cells
Conversion Efficiency of Solar Panel
The conversion efficiency of a solar cell refers to the ratio at which the cell converts received light energy into electrical energy.
Standard Test Conditions (STC)
Because the output of solar cells is influenced by natural conditions such as solar radiation intensity and temperature, standard test conditions (STC) have been established to describe and evaluate the performance of solar cells. These conditions are defined as follows:
- Surface temperature of the solar panel: 25 degrees Celsius (77 degrees Fahrenheit)
- Solar radiation intensity: 1000 watts per square meter (W/m²)
- Spectral distribution: AM1.5 (Air Mass 1.5), which simulates the sunlight spectrum reaching the Earth’s surface when the sun is at an angle through the atmosphere.
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